Perfiles de resiliencia asociados al engagement académico y al apoyo social en estudiantes universitarios / Coping profiles associated with resilience, academic engagement, and social support in university students

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue observar los estilos de resiliencia entre estudiantes de pregrado y explorar la forma en la que cada uno de ellos se encontraba asociado al engagement académico y a las redes de apoyo social al inicio de los estudios universitarios. La muestra correspondió a 371 estudiantes de pregrado del Caribe Colombiano evaluados a partir de un análisis estadístico de clústeres, por el método jerárquico aglomerativo. Posteriormente se clasificaron en grupos de acuerdo con sus similitudes en las 12 dimensiones de resiliencia y finalmente se compararon en términos de engagement y redes personales. Los resultados señalaron cuatro perfiles de estudiantes: (1) sujetos con baja-resiliencia, alto engagement y fuertes vínculos relacionales; (2) resilientes-en-proceso, con niveles intermedios de resiliencia, bajo engagement y redes sociales con poca cercanía; (3) resilientes-autónomos con altos puntajes de resiliencia, niveles intermedios de engagementy redes sociales débiles; y (4) resilientes-con-redes, exhibieron altos niveles de resiliencia, con alto engagement y amplias redes de apoyo. Se concluye que la mayor porción de jóvenes que comienzan la universidad muestra perfiles de baja resiliencia; sin embargo, los altos niveles de motivación por los estudios y los recursos sociales como las redes de apoyo de los compañeros son las condiciones que más permiten afrontar los obstáculos de la vida universitaria. Es importante notar que solamente el último perfil integró los elementos de alta resiliencia, alto engagement y fuertes redes de apoyo que permiten confirmar la íntima asociación entre estos constructos. Los otros perfiles representan casos en los cuales los rasgos de resiliencia son independientes de los niveles de engagement y de la composición de las redes de apoyo personal.

Abstract Adjustment of first-year students to university environments, as well as their academic success, is not exclusively related to their academic aptitude; instead, this adjustment is associated with psychological characteristics, personal and even social resources that help students cope with stressors and new circumstances. A comprehensive assessment of the students' adjustment to university environment must transcend preoccupation on academic performance, and instead explore associations among psychological, academic, and social elements that promote adaptation during the initial years of higher education (Marenco-Escuderos et al., 2021). In this line of research, the objective of this work was to inquire how internal characteristics of students (psychological and academic) interplay with external elements in their support systems to promote adaptation in a higher education environment. Associations were explored among resilience, academic engagement, and social support as determining elements in the adjustment to the demands of the university context. The sample consisted of 371 undergraduate students (60 % female), of low socioeconomic status, enrolled in public universities in the Caribbean region of Colombia. Firstly, the resilience of university students was explored, as the ability to respond to obstacles with a positive view of the world, of others, and of one's own abilities to cope with stressors (Saavedra-Guajardo et al., 2019). Second, the level of engagement that drives young students to concentrate their energies on academic activities was reviewed; and third, the role of peers, and friends as the close-support system that facilitates the overcoming of personal and academic difficulties was investigated (Fernández-Martínez et al., 2017). Based on a statistical cluster analysis, by the agglomerative hierarchical method, individuals were classified according to their similarities in the expression of 12 dimensions of resilience (SV-RES scale), and subsequently compared in terms of engagement (UWES-S scale), and personal support networks (UNICET software). The results showed four student profiles: (1) the largest group consisting of students with low-resilience, high engagement and strong support networks; (2) a resilient group with low levels of engagement and support networks with little intimacy; (3) a resilient group with high characteristics of autonomy, intermediate levels of engagement, and support networks with weak structure; and (4) a very resilient group, high engagement, and wide and strong social support networks. The results point out the fact that the greatest proportion of students who start college show profiles of low resilience, however, high levels of motivation for studies and social resources such as peer support networks are the conditions that mostly allow for coping with adversity in the first years of college. These results could point to cultural aspects specific to the Caribbean region, where social networks are of great importance for daily functioning (Marenco-Escuderos et al., 2021). Regarding the association among the studied variables, it is important to note that only the last profile gathered all elements of high resilience, high engagement, and strong support networks that allow for confirming the association among these constructs. The other three profiles represent cases in which the resilience traits are independent of the students' levels of engagement and the composition of their personal support networks. This study is valuable as it provides a differentiating picture of the relationship of resilience with other psychological and social constructs, and in that it allows to better understand resilience in association with other elements that mediate its interpretation. Important gender differences among the profiles are additionally discussed.

Adaptación lingüística al español y validación de la estructura factorial de la Escala para el Manejo de la Tristeza CSMS-E / Linguistic adaptation and Validation of the Spanish Children's Sadness Management Scale CSMS-E

Entre los países de habla hispana existen limitantes cuando se desea investigar el rol de la tristeza en la adolescencia debido a que no existen instrumentos en español válidos y confiables que permitan evaluar la regulación de ésta emoción en población en desarrollo. Por esta razón se realizó la adaptación lingüística y validación psicométrica de la Escala Infantil para el Manejo de la Tristeza CSMS (Zeman, Shipman, & Penza-Clyve, 2001) con una muestra de 597 adolescentes Colombianos entre 11 y 18 años de edad (48% sexo femenino). A partir del método del comité se hicieron adecuaciones en el lenguaje de la prueba para su ajuste cultural a la población hispanoparlante. El comportamiento psicométrico de la escala fue analizado en dos pasos: en el primero se observaron diez modelos factoriales posibles (Análisis Factorial Exploratorio), y en el segundo se descartaron los de menor ajuste (Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio), hasta elegir el óptimo. Los resultados señalan que la versión en español del CSMS-E ("E" por Español), mantiene validez de constructo comparable a la original, con una estructura de tres componentes que revisan estrategias adaptativas y maladaptativas para regular la tristeza: afrontamiento, inhibición y desregulación. Se ofrece un baremo para su corrección

Among the Spanish-speaking countries there are constraints for studying the roll of sadness in adolescence due to the absence of valid instruments in Spanish for evaluating the regulation of this emotions during the development. For this reason, following the committee procedure we adapted to Spanish the Children's Sadness Management Scale CSMS (Zeman et al., 2001), and conducted its psychometric validation with a sample of 597 Colombian adolescents, between 11 and 18 years of age (48% girls). The psychometric analyses were performed in two steps: (a) observing ten possible models (Exploratory Factor Analysis), (b) discarding those with least adjustment (Confirmatory Factor Analysis), and retaining the structure of best statistical fit. The results indicated that the optimal factorial model is a structure of three components, comparable to the original CSMS. The CSMS-E scale (E for Spanish) maintains comparable construct validity as the American version, and has attested to be a reliable tool in the assessment of adaptive and maladaptive strategies for the regulation of sadness: coping, inhibition and dysregulation. We offer a scoring notation table

Exposición a la violencia y riesgo suicida en adolescentes colombianos / Exposure to violence and suicide risk in Colombian adolescents

Resumen Se analizó la asociación entre el riesgo suicida con la exposición a la violencia en la casa, calle, colegio, televisión en adolescentes de Santa Marta (Colombia). Se evaluó una muestra de 210 adolescentes entre 12-19 años (M= 14.6 DE= 1.38). Los sujetos respondieron la Escala de Riesgo Suicida de Plutchik, además de la Escala de Exposición a la Violencia. Se encontró asociación bivariada con la exposición a la violencia en la casa. En un modelo de regresión logística ajustado el apoyo de padres padres/hermanos/amigos (OR=0.213 IC95%=0.70-0649) es un factor protector para el riesgo suicida, mientras el género femenino (OR=5.397 IC95%=2.541-11.460), exposición a la violencia en la casa (OR=2.334 IC95%=1.161-4.298) y dificultades de ingreso a la educación (OR=3.257 IC95%=1.013-10.467) son factores de riesgo. Se concluye que mujeres adolescentes, víctimas de violencia en el hogar y con problemas para acceder a la educación básica tienen mayor probabilidad de presentar riesgo suicida.

Abstract The association between suicide risk and exposure to violence in the home, street, school, television in adolescents of Santa Marta (Colombia) was analyzed. A sample of 210 adolescents aged 12-19 years (M =14.6 SD = 1.38) was evaluated. The subjects responded to the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale and the Violence Exposure Scale. We found a bivariate association with exposure to violence in the home. In an adjusted logistic regression model the support of parents / siblings / friends (OR = 0.213 CI 95% = 0.70-0649) is a protective factor for suicidal risk, while female gender (OR = 5.397 95% CI = 2.541-11.460), exposure to violence in the home (OR = 2.344, 95% CI = 1.161-4.298) and difficulties in entering education (OR = 3.257, 95% CI = 1013-10.467) are risk factors. It is concluded that adolescent women, victims of domestic violence and with problems to access basic education are more likely to present suicidal risk.